Cerium oxide is a widely utilized material in various applications. Its exceptional chemical and physical properties provide to its flexibility. For illustration, cerium oxide is commonly used in catalytic converters to decrease harmful emissions from vehicles. Additionally, it finds relevance in the production of glass due to its high refractive i

Nanoparticles have emerged as versatile materials in various fields, including biomedical applications. Conversely, the potential toxicity of these nanoparticles remains a significant concern. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a particular type of nanoparticle capable of converting near-infrared light to visible light, have attracted considerable